Do Climatic and Socioeconomic Factors Explain Population Vulnerability to Malaria? Evidence from a National Survey, India

Background: Malaria remains a public health challenge across several African and South‑East Asia Region countries, including India, despite making gains in malaria‑related morbidity and mortality. Poor climatic and socioeconomic factors are known to increase population vulnerability to malaria. However, there is scant literature from India exploring this link using large population‑based data. Objectives: This study aims to study the role of climatic and socioeconomic factors in determining population vulnerability to malaria in India. Materials and Methods: We used logistic regression models on a nationally representative sample of 91,207 households, obtained from the National Sample Survey Organization (69th round), to study the determinants of household vulnerability. Results: Households that resided in high (odds ratio [OR]: 1.876, P < 0.01) and moderately high (OR: 3.427, P < 0.01), compared to low climatically vulnerable states were at greater odds of suffering from malaria. Among households that faced the problem of mosquitoes/flies compared to the reference group, the urban households were at higher risk of suffering from malaria (OR: 8.318, P < 0.01) compared to rural households (OR: 2.951, P < 0.01). Households from the lower income quintiles, caste, poor physical condition of their houses, poor garbage management, and water stagnation around the source of drinking water, strongly predicted malaria vulnerability. Conclusion: Household’s vulnerability to malaria differed according to state climatic vulnerability level and socioeconomic factors. More efforts by integrating local endemicity, epidemiological, and entomological information about malaria transmission must be considered while designing malaria mitigation strategies for better prevention and treatment outcomes.

Internet: a major resource for toxicologists.

Use of the Internet in developing countries is now growing faster. Internet has created a new conduit not only for communication but also in the access, sharing and exchange of information among scientists. The Internet is now viewed as the world's biggest library where retrieval of scientific literature and other information resources are possible within seconds. Large volumes of toxicological information resources are available on the Internet. This review outlines some sites that may be of great importance and useful to the toxicologist.